Struggle against the materialistic approach to brain studying was always conducted under banners Churchmen. Setchenov has willingly responded. He considered for a long time already substantive provisions The future treatise . The Magazine version of this work Setchenov has entitled so: . Magazine edition, being afraid of prosecutions of censorship, Has variated the name, but it has not salvaged position. Number of “Contemporary” with article Setchenov has been confiscated. Having stipulated series of conditions, including the demand to reduce Or radically to variate final section of article, censorship has resolved Its publication only in special medical magazine.
Several years after I.M.Setchenov has tried to emit the work of the separate The book and then the present storm has burst. When the book has been printed, council Central administrative board on press affairs has born the decision about applying on it of arrest And excitation of suit against the author. The Petersburg acceptable The committee reported to the public prosecutor that . As See, officials of imperial Russia nearby have left from figures of medieval inquisition.
After D.V.Karakozova’s attempt at tsar Alexander II extreme investigatory The commission encouraged with the Minister of Internal Affairs, has organised the third round of offensive On the author of work . That has caused such anger in the imperial Ministers and security guards? Perhaps, Setchenov in the book called for overthrow Imperial regimen or at least criticised it? No, the book is devoted brain work. The author in it did not affect any political problems, but has proved that The secret of mental life can be opened natural sciences methods, as in it To basis real-life physiological processes lie. Thought, in opinion Setchenov, – only a compound reflex and as any jerk, can be studied Physiologists.
have marked the beginning of a new stage in brain studying. Setchenov has made the first of scientists attempt to present mental processes purely Physiologically. It has led the powerful contribution to studying of the excitatory system, bringing the experimental Base under the theoretical constructions, but had no still sufficient number Reliably checked facts for construction of the finished doctrine about functions of the head Brain. Honour of building of physiology of the higher mental functions has fallen to a lot of another The outstanding Russian scientist – I.P.Pavlova.
To studying of a brain of Pavels has come not at once. In a pore of the formation as scientist He also did not dare to dream of similar researches. During this period the science had So poor data on physiology of the central excitatory system that Thoughts it was simple there is nothing to be hooked to build so courageous prozhekty. In necessity to learn a brain of Pavlova have resulted own researches in far, It would seem, physiology ranges, imperiously having demanded studying of functions of a brain, Also have prompted unique the then a method.
I.P.Pavel has led the powerful contribution to many sections of physiology, but from researches, Executed in first half of his life, the greatest popularity has got the regular Studying of the main alimentiry glands. For discoverings in this range it the first Among domestic explorers has been awarded the Nobel Prize – the higher Those years awards for the scientist.
The Success in digestion studying was brought by the procedure of building of fistulas developed by it – The foramens giving access to alimentiry lumens, allowing to observe For activity of glands, without breaking neither blood supplies, nor the excitatory apparatus studied Organ. This procedure has allowed to study in details activity of the cores alimentiry Glands.
One did not keep within harmonous system of physiological representations only The phenomenon which has received the name of mental secretion. It consists that allocation Digestive juices, especially saliva, can arise at a dog still before, As to it the nutrition will get to a mouth, only under the influence of its odour, a kind, jingling of the feeder, From which usually feed an animal, or walks of the attendant, going to take away a dog In the vivarium where it is waited already by a dinner.
Mental secretion was represented by a puzzle. While its mechanism Remained obscure, it was impossible to consider studying of physiology of the alimentiry Glands the finished. Pavlovu it was necessary to explain the observable phenomenon, to find out, How, in what force of the causes walks of the attendant of which also is not visible, Cause in a dog a hypersalivation. At some employees of laboratory these phenomena Did not cause bewilderment. In each laboratory, probably, there is at least one person, To which all is clear. They explained mental secretion by that the dog feels The flavour of food, sees it or hears that behind it there is an attendant, and hopes that Her now will feed.
At heart Pavels it agreed with such explanation. For a number of years He educed thoughts on domination of the mental factor in the adaptation of the alimentiry Glands to choronomic influences but to use in physiological laboratory Psychologic terms considered wrongful and now has strictly forbidden To employees to say such words as , “has thought”, “has solved”, Or to explain its behaviour any intrinsic mental states. It Even has introduced the fine for the use of psychologic terms and it is ruthless Fined the employees. Being the physiologist, Pavels wanted it and to remain even At psychics studying.
Employees of Pavlova have perceived Not all and have accepted the new approach of the teacher To “mental” reactions of alimentiry glands. And outside of its laboratory Scientists have noticed not at once that, continuing to experiment the alimentiry Glands, it studied not digestion physiology, and brain functions.
When Pavels has arrived to Stockholm to receive a medal of the Nobel winner, to it There was 56th year – age in which scientists of that epoch usually reflected on pension, Started to collect on rest. Ivan Petrovich was not such. At this particular time He has conceived research on which there would be no life and the young scientist, Research which anybody did not venture to it – physiology studying The higher functions of a brain. To 1903 desire to study a brain it became perfect Obvious, not without reason its report made on the next Physiological congress In Madrid, was called . However, the report of Pavlova has not been perceived, so about what he spoke was unusual From a tribune. Have considered that a report theme only an eccentricity of the venerable scientist, The desire to pass for the original.
So, a riddle of mental secretion, the phenomenon which to Pavlova or did not notice, Or waved away from it as from casual, atypical, as from an error of experiment, Has allowed to carry out grandiose break in a mysterious field of activity of a brain. Later Pavel’s mental secretion named a conditioned reflex and by that has reduced Mysterious activity of the dog soul to concrete, quite physiological The phenomena. Interfering in sphere of mysterious mental processes, he has here again wished To remain and really remained the convinced materialist.
Since Rene Descartes the concept of jerk has affirmed as physiology. He considered, What is the vital implications of an organism have the reflex nature, and has presented The generalised scheme of the reflex certificate. At the heart of it the reflex arc lies. Jerk It is carried out thanks to entering on information sensory nerves in a brain, To processing by its brain and performance by muscles of its orders transferred on To motor nerves.
The Basis of representations of Descartes about a being of the reflex certificate has remained to Our days. Already at the time of Pavlova it has been fixed that each kind of organisms Has the quite certain panel of the jerks transferred from generation in Generation from parents to children. A conditioned reflex new, open Pavlovym a class The phenomena, completely corresponded to that physiologists meant by a word “Jerk”, except for that circumstance that animals do not receive it In the inheritance from parents. It arises (is formed) thanks to influence on Organism of external factors.
Sozdanie Pavlovym uslovnoreflektornoj theories was the greatest achievement Human thought. Its researches have far overtaken development of a world science, That is why not at once also have not been up to the end perceived by scientists. He was pulled out far forward, Having made two huge walks. The first step has carried out, when has realised that, finding out Private questions of physiology of alimentiry glands, it has had an opportunity to study Physiological laws of work of a brain. The second walk was even more significant. Pavels has perceived that, studying salivary conditioned reflexes, private and insignificant The phenomenon in life of animals, it has in essence got access to studying of the cores Mechanisms of work of a brain.
